In addition to local play, Super Mario Party offers online multiplayer for the first time in the Mario Party series. In the game's "Online Mariothon" mode, players can only play 10 of the 80 minigames online with other players, independent of the board game. Here, players compete in five randomly selected mini-games out of the ten mentioned earlier, with the aim of achieving the highest overall score at the end. It also features a leaderboard and ranking system, as well as rewards that players can earn while playing the mode. At the time of release, the two board game modes, Mario Party and Partner Party, were limited to offline play.

For the first time in over a decade, Super Mario Party returns to the traditional turn-based Mario Party style of gameplay.

The standard game mode "Mario Party" allows up to four players to take turns navigating the game board independently. On a player's turn, a die is rolled to determine how much space the player can move around the board, and items collected can be used to change how much space the player can move. Each space has a unique function, for example the blue and red spaces give and receive three coins respectively, and the good luck and bad luck spaces give the player a beneficial or unhelpful outcome.

After each player takes their turn, each participates in a minigame that awards coins based on their position. Minigames vary by rules and game style, such as 4-player free melee, 2-on-2 or 1-on-3 duels, or using motion controls or HD Rumble. there are 80 minigames in total for all game modes, and they can all be played independently of the game board in the free play section.

A star is located at a random location at a time; any player who reaches it can spend ten coins to buy it. The player with the most stars and coins at the end of the game wins. Coins can be used for additional one-time items that give players certain advantages on the board, such as increasing their dice, subtracting from another player's dice, or using the gold pipe to get stars directly.

The second, called "Partner Party", has two teams of two players also looking for stars, but players are free to move in any direction and cross their path, similar to the aforementioned "Toad Scramble" mode in StarCraft. This mode features unique items and a redesigned board layout. In "River Survival," four players must work together to traverse a series of rapids within a time limit. This mode features exclusive minigames focused on co-op and rewards teams with time bonuses. In "Sound Stage," players play a series of motion-controlled rhythm games on one of three difficulty settings, with the highest scoring player winning.